The PtolemiesThe Greek Rulers of Ancient Egypt

The Ptolemies were the rulers of the final dynasty of 3,000 years of ancient Egypt, and their progenitor was a Macedonian Greek by birth. The Ptolemies broke millennia of tradition when they based the capital of their Egyptian empire not in Thebes or Luxor but in Alexandria, a newly constructed port on the Mediterranean Sea. Fast Facts: Ptolemies Also Known As: Ptolemaic Dynasty, Hellenistic EgyptFounder: Alexander the Great (ruled 332 BCE)First Pharaoh: Ptolemy I (r. 305–282)Capital City: AlexandriaDates: 332–30 BCE  Famous Rulers: Cleopatra (ruled 51–30 BCE)  Accomplishments: Library of Alexandria Greeks Conquer Egypt The Ptolemies came to rule Egypt after the arrival of Alexander the Great (356–323 BCE) in 332 BCE. At the time, the end of the Third Intermediate Period, Egypt had been ruled as a Persian satrapy for a decade—indeed that was the case in Egypt off and on since the 6th century BCE. Alexander had just conquered Persia, and when he arrived in Egypt, he had himself crowned as the ruler in the Temple of Ptah at Memphis. Shortly afterward, Alexander left to conquer new worlds, leaving Egypt in the control of various Egyptian and Greco-Macedonian officers. When Alexander unexpectedly died in 323 BCE, his only heir was his mentally unpredictable half-brother, who was set to rule jointly with Alexanders as-yet-unborn son Alexander IV. Although a regent had been established to support the new leadership of Alexanders empire, his generals did not accept that, and a War of Succession broke out among them. Some generals wanted all of Alexanders territory to stay unified, but that proved untenable. Three Kingdoms Three great kingdoms arose from the ashes of Alexanders empire: Macedonia on the Greek mainland, the Seleucid empire in Syria and Mesopotamia, and the Ptolemies, including Egypt and Cyrenaica. Ptolemy, the son of Alexanders general Lagos, was first established as the governor of the satrapy of Egypt, but officially became the first Ptolemaic pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BCE. Ptolemys portion of Alexanders rule included Egypt, Libya, and the Sinai Peninsula, and he and his descendants would make up a dynasty of 13 rulers for close to 300 years. Alexanders three great kingdoms jockeyed for power during the third and second centuries BCE. The Ptolemies attempted to expand their holdings in two areas: the Greek cultural centers in the eastern Mediterranean and Syria-Palestine. Several expensive battles were waged in attempts to attain these areas, and with new technological weapons: elephants, ships, and a trained fighting force. War elephants were essentially the tanks of the era, a strategy learned from India and used by all sides. Naval battles were waged on ships built with a catamaran structure which increased the deck space for marines, and for the first time artillery was mounted aboard those ships as well. By the 4th century BCE, Alexandria had a trained force of 57,600 infantry and 23,200 cavalrymen. Alexanders Capital City The ruins of Kom el Dikka are a complex of rooms and auditoria, part of the Library of Alexandrias university campus in Egypt. Roland Unger Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in 321 BCE and it became the Ptolemaic capital and a major showcase for Ptolemaic wealth and splendor. It had three main harbors, and the citys streets were planned on a chessboard pattern with the main street 30 m (100 ft) wide running east-west across the city. That street was said to have been aligned to point to the rising sun on Alexanders birthday, July 20, rather than that of the summer solstice, June 21. The four major sections of the city were the Necropolis, known for its spectacular gardens, the Egyptian quarter called Rhakotis, the Royal Quarter, and the Jewish Quarter. The Sema was the burial place of the Ptolemaic kings, and for a while at least it contained the body of Alexander the Great, stolen from the Macedonians. His body was said to have been stored in a gold sarcophagus at first, and then later replaced by a glass one. The city of Alexandria also boasted of the Pharos lighthouse, and the Mouseion, a library and research institute for scholarship and scientific inquiry. The library of Alexandria held no fewer than 700,000 volumes, and the teaching/research staff included scientists such as Eratosthenes of Cyrene (285–194 BCE), medical specialists such as Herophilus of Chalcedon (330–260 BCE), literary specialists like Aristarchus of Samothrace (217–145 BCE), and creative writers like Apollonius of Rhodes and Callimachus of Cyrene (both third century). Life Under the Ptolemies The Ptolemaic pharaohs held lavish panhellenic events, including a festival held every four years called the Ptolemaieia which was intended to be equal in status to the Olympic games. Royal marriages established among the Ptolemies included both full brother-sister marriages, beginning with Ptolemy II who married his full sister Arsinoe II, and polygamy. Scholars believe these practices were intended to solidify the pharaohs succession. Major state temples were numerous throughout Egypt, with some old temples rebuilt or embellished, including the temple of Horus the Behdetite at Edfu, and the temple of Hathor at Dendera. The famous Rosetta Stone, which proved to be the key to unlocking the ancient Egyptian language, was carved in 196 BCE, during the reign of Ptolemy V. The Fall of the Ptolemies Massive sunk relief of Cleopatra (Cleopatra VII) and her son Caesarean decorates the south wall of the Temple of Hathor, Dendera, Egypt. Cleopatra wears the solar disk and horns associated with the goddess Hathor as well as the Atef crown while Caesarean wears the double crown of Egypt (the Pschent). Terry J. Lawrence / iStock / Getty Images Plus Outside of the wealth and opulence of Alexandria, there was famine, rampant inflation, and an oppressive administrative system under the control of corrupt local officials. Discord and disharmony arose by the late third and early second centuries BCE. Civil unrest against the Ptolemies expressing the disaffection among the Egyptian population was seen in the form of strikes, the despoliation of temples, armed bandit attacks on villages, and flight—some cities were completely abandoned. At the same time, Rome was growing in power throughout the region and in Alexandria. A long drawn out battle between the brothers Ptolemy VI and VIII was arbitrated by Rome. A dispute between the Alexandrians and Ptolemy XII was resolved by Rome. Ptolemy XI left his kingdom to Rome in his will. The last Ptolemaic pharaoh was the famous Cleopatra VII Philopator (ruled 51–30 B.C.E.) who ended the dynasty by allying herself with the Roman Marc Anthony, committing suicide, and turning over the keys of the Egyptian civilization to Caesar Augustus. The Roman dominion over Egypt lasted until 395 CE. Dynastic Rulers Ptolemy I (aka Ptolemy Soter), ruled 305–282 BCEPtolemy II ruled 284–246 BCEPtolemy III Euergetes ruled 246–221 BCEPtolemy IV Philopator ruled 221–204 BCEPtolemy V Epiphanes,  ruled 204–180 BCEPtolemy VI Philometor ruled 180–145 BCEPtolemy VIII ruled 170–163 BCEEuregetes II ruled 145–116 BCEPtolemy IX 116–107 BCEPtolemy X Alexander ruled 107–88 BCESoter II ruled 88–80 BCEBerenike IV ruled 58–55 BCEPtolemy XII ruled 80–51 BCEPtolemy XIII Philopator ruled 51–47 BCEPtolemy XIV Philopator Philadelphos ruled 47–44 BCECleopatra VII Philopator ruled 51–30 BCEPtolemy XV Caesar ruled 44–30 BCE Sources Chauveau, Michel. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society under the Ptolemies. Trans. Lorton, David. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2000.  Habicht, Christian. Athens and the Ptolemies. Classical Antiquity 11.1 (1992): 68–90. Print.Lloyd, Alan B. The Ptolemaic Period. Shaw I, editor. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Tunny, Jennifer Ann. Ptolemy the Son Reconsidered: Are There Too Many Ptolemies? Zeitschrift fà ¼r Papyrologie und Epigraphik 131 (2000): 83–92. Print.Wozniak, Marek, and Joanna Radkowska. Berenike Trogodytika: A Hellenistic Fortress on the Red Sea Coast, Egypt. Antiquity 92.366 (2018): e5. Print.

The World Trade Center s South Tower - 1486 Words

Tuesday, September 11th was a day that Americans would never forget. It began at 5:45 in the morning Hijackers Mohammed Atta and Abdulaziz al-Omari pass through security at Portland International Jetport in Maine. Over the next hour and a half over seventeen more terrorists clear security at Boston Logan, Newark International and Washington Dullas airports. At 7:59 Flight 11 out of Boston departs and within minutes it is taken over by five terrorists on board and rerouted towards Manhattan. Fifteen minutes later flight 175 departs and is also taken over by five terrorists and rerouted to Manhattan. At precisely 8:46 A.M. the hijackers crashed flight 11 into floor 93 of the World Trade Center’s north tower and just seventeen minutes later at 9:03 A.M. Flight 175 crashes into the World Trade Center’s south tower. Within a twenty-minute span thousands of people were dead and the number grew as safety personnel continued to help evacuate people from not only the building bu t the city as well. These attacks on the US came directly due to our involvement in the Middle East and our foreign policy revolving around helping Israel. Also the fact that we had soldiers occupying Iraq and Saudi Arabia, attempting to spread democracy did not please Al-Quadea either. The attacks on The World Trade Centers and the United States as a whole affected the nation politically, socially and economically, changing not only the course of the nation but also how safe citizens felt about their nationalShow MoreRelatedI m Reading Is About The Catastrophe Of What Happen On September 11974 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Fight to Survive Inside the Twin Towers†. The authors of the book are Jim Dwyer and Kevin Flynn. Jim Dwyer was born March 4, 1957 in New York City. He graduated from the Loyola School and earned a bachelor s degree in general science from Fordham University. In 1979 he also graduated with a master s degree in journalism from Columbia University in 1980. He e arned a bachelor s degree in general science from Fordham University in 1979 and a master s degree in journalism from Columbia UniversityRead More9/11 Cause Effect1279 Words   |  6 Pagesthousands of lives were lost nearly a thousand miles from here. But the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were an attack on the heart of America† (Newman). For every cause there is an effect, and unfortunately the effects of 9/11 are disturbing. I like to say that everything happens for a reason, and the reasons of 9/11 still continue to puzzle the people today. The attacks on world trade center and pentagon on September 11 2001 were tragic and devastating not only for the victimsRead MoreThe United States Army Officer And Private Security Officer Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesRhodesia and as a commissioned officer in the Vietnam War, where he was a second lieutenant in the United States Army. After the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, Rescorla began to worry about a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. When Rescorla asked Daniel Hill, a friend from Rhodesia that was trained in counter terrorism measures, how he would attack the building were he a terrorist, Hill asked to see the basement. The two walked down to the basement parking garageRead MoreThe Twin Towers1535 Words   |  7 Pages10, 2009 The Attacks of the World Trade Centers Over 200,000 tons of steel, 425,000 cubic yards of concrete, a total of 10,000 workers and 7 years, 2 buildings were created known as the World Trade Centers. It s more than its signature twin towers: it was a complex of seven buildings on 16-acres with its own zip code (10048). The construction of the buildings began in 1966 and was completed in April 1973, with the North tower opening 2 years prior of the South. They both consist of 110 floorsRead More102 Minutes By Kevin Flynn And Jim Dwyer1182 Words   |  5 Pages 102 Minutes by Kevin Flynn and Jim Dwyer is a factual book that describes the events that occurred in the World Trade Center during the 9/11 attacks. The book itself is named 102 minutes because of the 102 minutes people had to evacuate the World Trade Center before it came down. Before writing this book, a team of a few people interviewed over 200 survivors and witnesses of 9/11 and researched historical facts, radio transmissions, phone messages, and emails from the day of the attack. ThisRead MoreTuesday Morning On September 11Th, 2001 There Were A Series1061 Words   |  5 Pagesand three trillion in total cost. Nineteen al-Qaeda terrorist had stole four passenger airliners operated by U.S. passenger air carriers. Two of the planes were crashed into the north and south towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center in New York City. Within an hour and fourty-five minutes the twin towers the stood 110 feet high had already collapsed. The third plane was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia leading to a partial collapse of the building’s western side. TheRead More9 / 11 Timeline Of Events961 Words   |  4 PagesFlight 11 to flight controllers. 8:41 am: United Airlines Flight 93,takes off with 37 passengers from Newark International Airport, to San Francisco International Airport. Four hijackers are aboard, its flight path initially takes it close to the World Trade Center, which is 3 minutes away from being struck, before moving away westwards. 8:42–8:46 am: Flight 175 is hijacked. 8:44 am: Flight attendant Amy Sweeney, from Flight 11, reports by telephone to Michael Woodward at the American Airlines Flight ServicesRead MoreTerrorism Against Muslim Interests And The Sanctions Against Iraq1627 Words   |  7 PagesPennsylvania was targeted toward the capitol building. Each building had a code name between the terrorists. Presumably, the United States Capitol was codenamed The Faculty of Law, the Pentagon was codenamed The Faculty of Fine Arts, and the World Trade Center was codenamed The Faculty of Town Planning. (Wiki- Hijackers) The most devastating terrorist attack in history started to take shape early in the morning of September 11, 2001 as Mohammed Atta and Abdulaziz al-Omari boarded a plane from MaineRead MoreRemember September 11, 2001937 Words   |  4 PagesMany people can look back and remember September 9th, 2001, like it was yesterday. This day will be forever remembered in America’s History. This is the day the world seemed as it stood still. On 9/11, America experienced a major terrorist attack, which hijacked planes were crashed into the World Trade Centers in New York City, crashed into the Pentagon in the District of Columbia, and had a plane crash into the fields of Pennsylvania. There are many theories on what actually happened and who wasRead MoreThe Bombing Of The United States1463 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 11th, 2001, the United States of America was attacked on its soil when alleged Al-Qaeda members hijacked four passenger planes, Boeing 757s. Two planes flew into the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center in New York, one plane flew into the Pentagon, and the remaining plane was possibly targeting the White House or the Capitol but was unsuccessful. People all over America felt an utter shock and disbelief after this tragic event as people demanded answers. After the terrorist

Land Pollution in Ibadan Free Essays

string(94) " conducted by Haskoning and Konsadem Associates \(1994\), estimated the per capita rate at 0\." A TOWN PAPER ON LAND POLLUTION IN IBADAN, THE CAUSES, EFFECTS, REMEDIAL MEASURES AND HOW EFFECTIVE THEY ARE. COMPILED BY ONIFADE SADIAT T MATRIC NO. 073862 TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OGBOMOSHO. We will write a custom essay sample on Land Pollution in Ibadan or any similar topic only for you Order Now COURSE CODE: URP 305 COURSE TITLE: PLANNING STUDIO III LECTURERS IN CHARGE: TPL A. O AKINDELE TPL E. A TOYOBO MARCH, 2010 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION LAND POLLUTION Land Pollution is the degradation of earth’s land surfaces. Land can be polluted through soil or water. Human activities are the main factor and their misuse of land resources. Urbanization and industrialization are major causes of land pollution. Indiscriminate disposal of domestic (solid and liquid) and industrial wastes, exploitation of minerals, and improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural practices are a few factors. Taking Ibadan as a case study, we are going to discuss the causes of land pollution in Ibadan, the effects, the remedial measures and how effective they are. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Ibadan was historically an Egba town. The Egba occupants were forced to leave the town and moved to present-day Abeokuta under the leadership of Sodeke when the surge of Oyo refugees flocked into the towns as an aftermath of the fall of Oyo Kingdom. Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban center so much that by the end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yoruba region militarily, politically and economically. The military sanctuary expanded even further when refugees began arriving in large numbers from northern Oyo following raids by Fulani warriors. After losing the northern portion of their region to the marauding Fulanis, many Oyo indigenes retreated deeper into the Ibadan environs. The Fulani Caliphate attempted to expand further into the southern region of modern-day Nigeria, but was decisively defeated by the armies of Ibadan in 1840. The Ibadan area became a British Protectorate in 1893 and by then the population had swelled to 120,000. The British developed the new colony to facilitate their commercial activities in the area, and Ibadan shortly grew into the major trading center that it is today. At independence, Ibadan was the largest and the most populous city in Nigeria and the third in Africa after Cairo and Johannesburg. It is located in south-western, 128 km inland northeast of Lagos and 345 km southwest of , the federal capital and is a prominent point between the region and the areas to the north. The population of Ibadan was 2,550,593 according to 2006 census results, including 11local government areas. The principal inhabitants of the city are the Yorubas. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are; To identify the major sources of waste in Ibadan To identify the factors leading to land pollution To identify the effects of land pollution CHAPTER TWO WASTE GENERATION Waste which is one of the sources and causes of environmental pollution has been defined under Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (2000) as any solid, semisolid liquid or contained gaseous materials discarded from industrial, commercial, mining or agricultural operations and from community activities. Waste also includes garbage, construction debris, commercial refuse, sludge from water, control facilities and other discarded materials. Most of the solid wastes, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, and even used cars and electronic goods are not bio-degradable, which means they do not get broken down through inorganic or organic processes. Thus, when they accumulate they pose a health threat to people. Decaying wastes also attract household pests and result in urban areas becoming unhealthy, dirty, and unsightly places to reside in. Moreover, it also causes damage to terrestrial organisms, while also reducing the uses of the land for other, more useful purposes. Some of the sources of solid, liquid and gaseous waste that cause land pollution are: *Wastes from Agriculture: This comprises of waste matter produced by crop, animal manure, and farm residues. *Wastes from Mining: Piles of coal refuse and heaps of slag. *Wastes from Industries: Industrial waste matter that can cause land pollution can include paints, chemicals, and so on. *Solids from Sewage Treatment: Wastes that are left over after sewage has been treated, biomass sludge, and settled solids. *Ashes: The residual matter that remains after solid fuels are burned. Garbage: This comprises of waste matter from food that are decomposable and other waste matter that are not decomposable such as glass, metal, cloth, plastic, wood, paper, and so on. WASTE GENERATION IN IBADAN Solid waste Although it is generally agreed that enormous quantities of solid waste are generated in Ibadan daily, the exact figures have not been determined, probably owing to the use of diverse methods of calculati on. Maclaren International Ltd (1970) found that the average per capita quantity of solid waste generated was 0. 37–0. 5 kg/day for the traditional areas of the city and 0. 53 kg/day for the newer areas. According to Egunjobi (1986), 38 million kg of solid waste was collected in the suburbs of Ibadan in 1986. The suburbs constitute about 21% of the city. On this basis, it can be estimated that 181 million kg of solid waste was generated in the city as a whole in 1986. This gives a per capita waste-generation rate of 0. 31 kg/day, using the 1986 estimated population of 1. 6 million for the city. In 1982, PAI Associates recorded the volume and weight of solid waste generated per household per day in Ibadan. The study revealed that waste generation varied according to land use, with residential land use taking the bulk of the hare. The generation rates were 3. 4 kg/household per day in the traditional areas, 3. 2 kg/household per day in the newer areas, and 3. 3 kg/household per day in the whole city (altogether giving a per capita generation rate of 0. 33 kg/day). Several researchers have studied the volume of refuse generated in the city. For example, Maclaren International Ltd (1970) estimated this volume at 182 900 t. The latest study, conducted by Haskoning and Konsadem Associates (1994), estimated the per capita rate at 0. You read "Land Pollution in Ibadan" in category "Papers" 6 kg/day, with a density of 300 kg/m3. The projections are based on an annual growth rate of population per year The solid-waste composition in Ibadan comprises leaves, paper, food waste, tins, glass, and rags (Maclaren International Ltd 1970). This is because Ibadan is located in the heart of a rich agricultural land and has a large old and unplanned section. PAI Associates (1983) made a comparative analysis of the composition of solid waste from two acres of Ibadan in 1970, which showed that residential land use accounted for 70. 1% of the waste generated, followed by commercial land use (18. 8%) and industrial land use (9. 7%). Institutional and other land use accounted for 0. % each. The mean percentage composition of solid waste in Ibadan in 1982 for different parts of the city is summarized in the table below. Mean % composition by weight GRABodijaMokola SangoOke AdoAguguOjaba leaves7. 54. 333. 223. 532. 626. 5 Food remnants35. 519. 29. 13. 65. 46. 9 paper15. 126. 210. 719. 415. 216. 6 Cartons . 31. 54. 86. 84. 510 . 9 Plastic polythene4. 18. 93. 711. 54. 85. 1 Tins metals20. 811. 415. 416. 47. 712. 8 Bones, ash dust stones5. 916. 719. 118. 128. 821. 0 miscellaneous0. 811. 83. 00. 51. 02. 2 Liquid waste The Ibadan metropolis has a lot of problems with the management of its liquid waste. PAI Associates (1983) estimated the magnitude of liquid waste within Ibadan at 22 650 million L (an average of 6. 2 L per household), and Akintola and Agbola (1989) projected the amounts of liquid waste for 1990 and 1995 at 113. 7 million and 126. 5 million L, respectively. Liquid waste in Ibadan also contains tins, sticks, excreta, oil, pieces of iron scrap, and refuse. Outside of large institutions, such as the University of Ibadan’s Teaching Hospital and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan has no sewerage system. The city’s human waste is disposed of largely by means of septic tanks, pit latrines, and buckets. The uncontrolled disposal of liquid waste into open gutters, open spaces, along roads, etc. , poses serious health hazards. Bodies of stagnant water produce bad odours, breed mosquitoes, and sometimes obstruct the movement of people and goods. For instance, the 1983 study by PAI Associates revealed that 50% of the stagnant pools emitted bad odour, 70% bred mosquitoes, 24% obstructed the movement of people, and 12% bred worms and other germ-breeding pests. Poor practices for liquid-waste disposal are responsible for waterborne diseases that are common in the city, particularly in its inner core. The unwholesome environment forces the populace to spend appreciable portions of their low income and time on improving their personal health, with adverse consequences for general economic well-being. Industrial waste The industries in Ibadan generate a lot of waste, particularly chemical and toxic waste, explosives, and ash, but the exact quantities have not been measured. The industries make private arrangements for disposal of their waste, with little or no monitoring. Groundwater pollution is a possibility, as companies do not take precautions at disposal sites to supervise and ensure proper sanitary conditions. CAUSES OF LAND POLLUTION Some of the causes of land pollution according to Ukpong are; *Improper resources management *Destructive logging of the forest *Overgrazing and overcropping of animals *Flooding and wind erosion menace *Destruction of wetlands and marshes for development *Strip mining He also identified other indirect causes of land pollution to include population growth and population influx, lack of control of enforcement measures and jurisdictional overlap which are due to unclear authority and the use of inappropriate technology for farming and even for producing manufactured goods. This above listed causes persisted for the past decades (since independence) and will continue to be so in Ibadan because of the following factors: (i) High rate of illiteracy (ii) Ignorance (iii) Uncivil culture of indiscriminate waste littering (i. e. throwing of wastes on bare ground) (iv) People inability to maintain a sanitarily clean environment (v) Reluctance of people to cooperate with the authority by disposing solid waste in illegal dumps, rather than using the means provided by the Government; Other factors that militate against decent environment in Ibadan include i. Uncontrolled population creating slum condition; i. Poor planning; and iii. Violation of town planning regulations. EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION The increasing amount of solid waste and its disposal have become a serious environmental problem, leading to visual pollution, public health hazards, and water and air pollution. With the growth of the population and the wider use of ‘throw-away’ bottles a nd cans, the problem of litter and waste spoils the beauty of our environment . In addition, the discarded solid waste , if untreated, will decay, producing bad smells polluting the air and water. EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION IN IBADAN Unarguably, one of the main problems facing. Ibadan City and which has become an intractable nuisance is open and indiscriminate dumping of refuse, human and animal faeces on land. Piles of decaying garbage which are substantially domestic in nature dominate strategic locations in the heart of the city including the Ibadan Lagos express way. The risks that may be anticipated include bad odour, aesthetic nuisance, fire out break, water pollution, proliferation of insects, flies, cockroaches, rats and other small and dangerous insects which can endanger public health through breeding of ailments such as dysentery, cholera, diarrhea, yellow fever, plague and filariasis. There is also reduction in the property value of land close to a dump site. Regrettably, this condition characterizes environmental culture in Ibadan. It is important to note that endangered public health situation can exert excessive pressure on the health budget, curtails productivity and worsens urban condition of health. CHAPTER THREE REMEDIAL MEASURES TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT The government established three institutions charged with the responsibility of overseeing the environment of Ibadan city. They are; (i) Ibadan Solid Waste Board. (ii) The Local Government Councils, and (iii)Ministry of Environment. Prior to the enactment of edict No 8 of 1997, Ibadan city and its environs were constitutionally broken into (11) eleven Local Government Councils which now shoulder the collection and disposal of solid wastes in Ibadan. With the commencement of the edict, the functions of the Local Government councils in the Ibadan urban area under the 1979 Nigerian Constitution, and the instrument establishing them to collect, transfer and dispose solid waste were delegated to the new Authority. The functions of the Authority are: (a) Collection, transfer, and disposal of solid wastes for the Ibadan urban area directly or indirectly; (b) Collection and registration of private refuse contractors in the city. Each refuse collection firm will need to pay specified amounts to the authority annually; (c) To hire or lease out and sell its equipment to refuse contractors at profitable rates (d) To enforce all regulations concerning refuse collection, disposal and any other sanitation laws as obtained and as may be promulgated in the city of Ibadan; (e) To make effective use of Sanitary Inspectors from the Local Government Service and to impose sanctions on any refuse contractor or citizen in form of fines for the contravention of any of the law in accordance with provision under Offences and Related Matters; (f) To maintain land fill sites around Ibadan and to charge economic rates; (g) Holding meetings concerning planning and strategy to be adopted for the success of its operations; (h) Approving the budget estimates based on the planning and strategy; (i) Ensuring proper use of governmental budget allocated for solid waste collection; (j) Improving the management and operations continuously in such a way that the best service is given against the lowest possible cost; (k) Maintenance and proper use of vehicle and buildings from the State Government entrusted to the Board; (l) Preparation of management information on sanitation and environment; PROBLEMS FACED BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN IBADAN The problems facing administration of environmental pollution in Ibadan are multi-faceted. There are four main factors responsible for the problems faced by the Administration of Environmental Pollution in Ibadan. They are (i) Poor funding (ii) Culture of the people (iii) Limited technology (iv) Human resources (i) Poor Funding: Essentially, refuse collection and disposal in Ibadan city have become such complex, capital intensive and expensive project such that it is a futile effort to expect a single institution of local government or state ministry, talk less of a parastratal to finance it from its own limited source. (ii) Culture of the People: One of the factors that pose a great challenge to the management of environmental pollution in Ibadan has to do with the culture of the people. The city is not well organized and planned. The city has for long been a commercial centre for marketers of maize, yam and other food stuff that generate heaps of refuse which are unmanageable. The illiterate culture of the people seems not to respect human dignity and decency. Many houses are without toilet facilities especially in the core of the city. People defecate indiscriminately in any available plots of land which are uncleared or along the streams. Even when toilets are built by the Local government Councils, they are carelessly used and within a short period they get spoilt. Added to this, is the poor maintenance culture of our public facilities. The provision of water to service these facilities is, to the least epileptic, if it runs at all. Finally, the socio-cultural attitude, lack of awareness and traditional syndrome of dumping refuse very close to their houses constitute a serious health hazard. (iii) Limited Technology: A visit to the garage of the Ibadan Waste Disposal Management Authority revealed that most of its operational vehicles are grounded because of minor technical problem. Even at the dumping site at Aba Eku, the scavengers are self-employed with all the health risk. The compactors relatively new are grounded with just minor complaints and little expenditure to repair them. Again this condition affirms the underfunding of the Authority earlier mentioned. Still on technology, the land fill designed to be operated sanitarily are operated as open dump due to limited technology. Furthermore, it was observed that medical refuse are deposited at the dumping site which technically ought to have been sorted out. There is also the problem of plastic and polythene products which are not bio-degradable. CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION Ibadan being the largest and most densely populated West African city should be a state on its own. Fund allocated to the state will be used in managing Ibadan only and this will therefore reduce the pressure on the fund allocated to the present day Oyo State. There should be an intensive teaching of heath education in primary and secondary schools hoping that the children would be able to influence their illiterate parents in complying with simple environmental habits and laws. Compact incinerator method should be introduced to neighbourhoods because this burns not only the waste but also the smoke and dust arising from leaves and a very small quantity of ashes i. e. about 10% of the original weight of wastes is left back in the incinerator. CONCLUSION This town paper concluded that the management of environment of Ibadan city is a function of the concerted efforts of the three agencies charged with the environmental sanitation being a capital intensive project coupled with adequate manpower and the government should regard the care of the environment as a social service by enlightening and educating the citizens on proper waste disposal methods, otherwise Ibadan city will continue to remain as the city of refuse. How to cite Land Pollution in Ibadan, Papers

How To Structure An Essay On An Inspector Calls Example For Students

How To Structure An Essay On An Inspector Calls The role of Eva Smith in Inspector Calls is crucial to the development of the themes of the play. These themes are lies, love, pride, status, responsibility and Eva is crucial to the development of all these themes. She is never seen in this play but the whole play is set around her and she is the main character in all the acts. Eva represents the lower class and tries to bring about awareness to all class that watch the play. This play also deals with many issues which were very relevant then and some of them are still relevant today. This is why the play is still watched and loved today. We will write a custom essay on How To Structure An On An Inspector Calls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first of the Birlings Eva Smith came across was the arrogant capitalist Mr Birling who was her boss while she worked at his penny-pinching factory, in sub-standard conditions. She would have worked on machines most of the day. The conditions were some of the most dangerous around at the time. There were very strict rules which every person had to keep by. If they didnt keep by these stringent rules then they would be fined and the money would have came out of their modest wages. They could get fined for things that today would be considered petty. Some of these things where leaving there work area dirty laughing and talking, so as you can see it was very strict. This also shows how heart less the employers where and all they were bothered about was making money they didnt care about the people that worked for them one little bit. This then all got to Eva Smith and her working colleagues especially the low wages and the poor working conditions. They then decide that something had to be done about it and the best way to prove their point was to call a strike. Their demand from this strike was a increase in their wages from 22/-6d to 25/-. This was helped by trade unions that brought about awareness about working conditions. Previously Eva had been getting on with her job very well it was only after she came back from her holiday she wanted better rates. Eva had actually been recommend for promotion, and her relationship with Mr Birling had been fine before this point but after that everything went down hill for her at Birlings This strike went on for a couple of weeks but not having any money started hitting the girls, but still the greedy Mr Birling who feels that every penny in his pocket counts didnt move on the girls demands one little bit. Mr Birling said they where getting paid neither more nor less than is paid generally in our industry. Slowly some of the went back but Eva and many of her friends stayed and kept protesting. Mr Birling still kept strong and it paid off because the following week most of the girls went back to work keeping their usual rates. But for Eva and a couple of her work friends who had been the ringleaders of the strike they where given the sack. At the end of the day the strike on the whole for the complete work force was rather pointless as they lost a lot of money and for some of them they got the sack. But for Eva this worked out to her convenience, as we know. The strike and the way Mr Birling handles it just shows what type of character he is. His main and only concern throughout the strike is money and this just shows how hard-hearted he is. But Mr Birlings reaction and the way he treated the women was just the same as any businessman in those days. Women didnt have a high place in society and so that in turn meant that they where always given the minuimin and treated with less respect than a man would. Mrs Birling sums up the role of woman perfectly when you are married you will realise that men with important work to do sometimes have to spend nearly all their time and energy on their business. You will have to get used to that. Eva Smith and her friends tried to challenge this unwritten society rule, as we know they were unsuccessful. .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .postImageUrl , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:hover , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:visited , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:active { border:0!important; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:active , .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6 .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u998df32da69336eaa1cfe5d3398bb1d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Thief and the Dogs EssayThe main way in which Mr Birling defends himself he is by saying that you all earn the same we where paying the usual rates, and get treated the same as any other person in any other company. But as we know this was unfair because women were given less respect in those days. I think the girls got what they always where going to get and that was no change. I dont think this is fair but that was the way it was in those days and the way it was going to be for a while afterwards. Mr Birling also tries to defend himself by saying that if he had given the girls the money then it would have set a precedent for other workers in other companies to do the same. So he was doing company bosses a big favour. After working in Birlings and getting the sack Eva moved on to Milwords, a well respected shop. Getting this job was a wonderful struck of luck, and was a change for her which she enjoyed. In this job she wasnt stuck to a chair all day working in dangerous conditions she had freedom to move and this is what she enjoyed. But one of the problems surrounding the job was there was no trade union and this was really going to affect her later on. One of the biggest differences in the job was that she was out on the shop front speaking to customers. This put pressure on her because she always had to be careful of what she said and did because the customer is always right, one little slip up could cost her and that is exactly what happened to Eva. The very naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve Sheila played a big role in the dismissal of Eva. She complained to the manager of Milwords as she had caught Eva laughing at her while she was trying an item of clothing on the in the shop. Eva was later dismissed from her job after Sheila had complained to the manager. This dismissal was the last one she was to have before she died and the job at Milwords was her last steady job. This sacking left Eva very down hearted. She never thought she had done anything wrong and was even more down hearted by the fact that she enjoyed the job. If she had a trade union then she could had argued the case of an unfair dismissal but she didnt, as shop workers didnt have trade unions while she was working there. If something like that happen at Birlings then she could have challenged for an unfair dismissal as you had a trade union at factories.